Belajar Web Development

Responsive Design

Di dunia nyata, website diakses dari berbagai perangkat — HP, tablet, laptop, monitor besar. Responsive design memastikan website tampil bagus di semua ukuran layar.

Media Queries

Media query adalah fitur CSS yang memungkinkan kita menerapkan style berdasarkan ukuran layar.

/* Style default (untuk semua ukuran) */
.container {
    max-width: 1200px;
    margin: 0 auto;
    padding: 0 20px;
}

/* Jika lebar layar maksimal 768px (tablet/HP) */
@media (max-width: 768px) {
    .container {
        padding: 0 15px;
    }
}

/* Jika lebar layar maksimal 480px (HP kecil) */
@media (max-width: 480px) {
    .container {
        padding: 0 10px;
    }
}

Breakpoint Umum

BreakpointPerangkat
> 1024pxDesktop
768px - 1024pxTablet
480px - 768pxHP landscape
< 480pxHP portrait

Pendekatan Mobile First

Mulai desain dari ukuran kecil (HP), lalu tambahkan style untuk layar besar:

/* Default: style untuk HP */
.card-grid {
    display: grid;
    grid-template-columns: 1fr;    /* 1 kolom di HP */
    gap: 15px;
}

/* Tablet ke atas */
@media (min-width: 768px) {
    .card-grid {
        grid-template-columns: 1fr 1fr;   /* 2 kolom */
    }
}

/* Desktop ke atas */
@media (min-width: 1024px) {
    .card-grid {
        grid-template-columns: 1fr 1fr 1fr; /* 3 kolom */
    }
}

Viewport Meta Tag

Wajib Ada!

Pastikan setiap halaman HTML punya meta viewport di <head>. Tanpa ini, responsive design tidak akan berfungsi di HP!

<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">

Responsive Navigation

Navbar di desktop biasanya horizontal, di HP biasanya vertikal atau berupa hamburger menu:

/* Default: Navbar horizontal */
nav {
    display: flex;
    justify-content: space-between;
    align-items: center;
    padding: 15px 30px;
    background: #333;
}

.menu {
    display: flex;
    gap: 20px;
    list-style: none;
}

/* HP: Navbar vertikal */
@media (max-width: 768px) {
    nav {
        flex-direction: column;
        gap: 15px;
    }

    .menu {
        flex-direction: column;
        text-align: center;
        gap: 10px;
    }
}

Responsive Layout

Sidebar yang di desktop ada di samping, di HP pindah ke bawah:

/* Desktop: 2 kolom */
.page-layout {
    display: grid;
    grid-template-columns: 1fr 300px;
    gap: 30px;
}

/* Tablet & HP: 1 kolom */
@media (max-width: 768px) {
    .page-layout {
        grid-template-columns: 1fr;
    }
}

Responsive Images

/* Gambar tidak boleh lebih besar dari container */
img {
    max-width: 100%;
    height: auto;
}

Responsive Typography

/* Font yang menyesuaikan ukuran layar */
h1 {
    font-size: 2.5rem;   /* Desktop */
}

@media (max-width: 768px) {
    h1 {
        font-size: 1.8rem;   /* Tablet */
    }
}

@media (max-width: 480px) {
    h1 {
        font-size: 1.5rem;   /* HP */
    }
}

/* Alternatif: clamp() — otomatis menyesuaikan */
h1 {
    font-size: clamp(1.5rem, 4vw, 2.5rem);
    /* minimum: 1.5rem, ideal: 4vw, maximum: 2.5rem */
}

Latihan: Halaman Portofolio Responsive

Buat file portfolio.html dan portfolio-style.css:

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="id">
<head>
    <meta charset="UTF-8">
    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
    <title>Portofolio User</title>
    <link rel="stylesheet" href="portfolio-style.css">
</head>
<body>
    <nav>
        <div class="logo">User</div>
        <ul class="menu">
            <li><a href="#beranda">Beranda</a></li>
            <li><a href="#skill">Skill</a></li>
            <li><a href="#project">Project</a></li>
            <li><a href="#kontak">Kontak</a></li>
        </ul>
    </nav>

    <section id="beranda" class="hero">
        <h1>Halo, Saya User! 👋</h1>
        <p>Web Developer pemula yang sedang belajar dengan semangat.</p>
    </section>

    <section id="skill" class="section">
        <h2>Skill</h2>
        <div class="skill-grid">
            <div class="skill-card">📄 HTML</div>
            <div class="skill-card">🎨 CSS</div>
            <div class="skill-card">⚡ JavaScript</div>
            <div class="skill-card">🐘 PHP</div>
            <div class="skill-card">🗄️ MySQL</div>
        </div>
    </section>

    <section id="project" class="section">
        <h2>Project</h2>
        <div class="project-grid">
            <div class="project-card">
                <h3>Halaman Profil</h3>
                <p>Halaman profil sederhana dengan HTML.</p>
            </div>
            <div class="project-card">
                <h3>Blog Pribadi</h3>
                <p>Blog dengan semantic HTML dan CSS styling.</p>
            </div>
            <div class="project-card">
                <h3>Buku Tamu</h3>
                <p>Aplikasi CRUD dengan PHP & MySQL.</p>
            </div>
        </div>
    </section>

    <section id="kontak" class="section">
        <h2>Kontak</h2>
        <form>
            <input type="text" placeholder="Nama" required>
            <input type="email" placeholder="Email" required>
            <textarea placeholder="Pesan" rows="5" required></textarea>
            <button type="submit">Kirim Pesan</button>
        </form>
    </section>

    <footer>
        <p>&copy; 2026 User — Dibuat sambil belajar ❤️</p>
    </footer>
</body>
</html>
/* portfolio-style.css */
* {
    margin: 0;
    padding: 0;
    box-sizing: border-box;
}

body {
    font-family: 'Segoe UI', sans-serif;
    line-height: 1.6;
    color: #333;
}

/* Navbar */
nav {
    display: flex;
    justify-content: space-between;
    align-items: center;
    padding: 15px 30px;
    background: white;
    box-shadow: 0 2px 10px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1);
    position: sticky;
    top: 0;
    z-index: 100;
}

.logo { font-size: 24px; font-weight: bold; color: #667eea; }
.menu { display: flex; gap: 25px; list-style: none; }
.menu a { color: #555; text-decoration: none; font-weight: 500; }
.menu a:hover { color: #667eea; }

/* Hero */
.hero {
    text-align: center;
    padding: 100px 20px;
    background: linear-gradient(135deg, #667eea, #764ba2);
    color: white;
}
.hero h1 { font-size: 3rem; margin-bottom: 15px; }
.hero p { font-size: 1.2rem; opacity: 0.9; }

/* Section */
.section {
    max-width: 1000px;
    margin: 0 auto;
    padding: 60px 20px;
}
.section h2 {
    text-align: center;
    font-size: 2rem;
    margin-bottom: 30px;
    color: #333;
}

/* Skill Grid */
.skill-grid {
    display: flex;
    flex-wrap: wrap;
    justify-content: center;
    gap: 15px;
}
.skill-card {
    background: white;
    padding: 20px 30px;
    border-radius: 10px;
    box-shadow: 0 2px 10px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.08);
    font-size: 1.1rem;
    font-weight: 600;
}

/* Project Grid */
.project-grid {
    display: grid;
    grid-template-columns: repeat(auto-fit, minmax(280px, 1fr));
    gap: 20px;
}
.project-card {
    background: white;
    padding: 30px;
    border-radius: 10px;
    box-shadow: 0 2px 10px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.08);
    border-left: 4px solid #667eea;
}
.project-card h3 { color: #667eea; margin-bottom: 10px; }

/* Form */
form {
    max-width: 500px;
    margin: 0 auto;
    display: flex;
    flex-direction: column;
    gap: 15px;
}
form input, form textarea {
    padding: 12px 15px;
    border: 2px solid #ddd;
    border-radius: 8px;
    font-size: 16px;
    font-family: inherit;
}
form input:focus, form textarea:focus {
    outline: none;
    border-color: #667eea;
}
form button {
    padding: 12px;
    background: #667eea;
    color: white;
    border: none;
    border-radius: 8px;
    font-size: 16px;
    cursor: pointer;
}
form button:hover { background: #5a6fd6; }

/* Footer */
footer {
    text-align: center;
    padding: 20px;
    background: #333;
    color: #aaa;
}

/* ========== RESPONSIVE ========== */

@media (max-width: 768px) {
    nav {
        flex-direction: column;
        gap: 10px;
    }

    .menu { gap: 15px; }

    .hero h1 { font-size: 2rem; }
    .hero { padding: 60px 20px; }

    .section { padding: 40px 15px; }
}

@media (max-width: 480px) {
    .hero h1 { font-size: 1.6rem; }
    .hero p { font-size: 1rem; }

    .menu {
        flex-wrap: wrap;
        justify-content: center;
        gap: 10px;
    }
}

Coba buka http://belajar.test/portfolio.html lalu resize browser dari besar ke kecil, perhatikan layoutnya berubah!

Rangkuman CSS

TopikKonsep Utama
DasarSelector, property-value, class vs id
Box Modelcontent, padding, border, margin
Flexboxdisplay: flex, justify-content, align-items
Griddisplay: grid, grid-template-columns
Responsive@media, viewport meta, mobile-first

Selanjutnya

Website sudah punya struktur (HTML) dan tampilan (CSS). Sekarang saatnya menambahkan interaktivitas dengan Dasar JavaScript →!